日本の xenophobia と xenophilia

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xenophobia と xenophilia は「x」で始まる数少ない単語で，英語のしりとりをする時には欠かせません．xeno（外の）＋ phobia（不親和）／philia（親和）から成り立つ単語で，それぞれ外国人恐怖症／外国人好き，とでも訳されるでしょうか．

久しぶりに日本で正月を過ごし，友人や親戚に会い，テレビなどを見てると，日本に存在する xenophobia と xenophilia に，軽い違和感とか，こんなこと言って社会的に問題ないんだろうか，みたいな危なっかしい感じと，たまに居心地の悪さや下品さを感じます．以下，箇条書きですが．

  • 外国人と一緒にいることの違和感や，外国人を対象にしたジョークを口に出す．あの店には中国人が多い，あのエリアにはブラジル人が多い，などの発言（に違和感，不快感，恐怖感などが込められているように聞こえる）．
  • 頑張っている「良い外国人」のレッテル．駅伝でのケニア選手の紹介，「苦労して日本文化に慣れて，チームのために頑張る良い外国人」という描写から外れない．
  • 白人男性を好きな日本女性，白人女性を好きだけど相手にされないと思い込んでいる日本男性．日本人女性も日本人男性も自然体でいて素敵だと思いますが，２１世紀にもなって，白人に対しての実体のない憧れや身構えなどがありそう．
  • 歓楽街で仕事をしてる日本以外の東アジアや東南アジアの女性に対する不遜な態度．呼び込みの男性の発言の端々に．（あと，いつもいつも思うけど，日本人がアジアを定義する際に，日本を含めてないのは何故なんでしょうか．）
  • スタバで使われる無理矢理な英語，「店内で」って明確な日本語を言ってんのに何で「for here ですね」って確認された理由が不明．紅白歌合戦に散見される不思議な英語，もう小室哲哉はいないのに．これらは様式美のようなものかもしれないけど．

おそらく xenophobia と xenophilia は表裏一体で，切り離せないもののような気がします．xenophobia に由来する感情を対処するために xenophilia 的な表現や行動に振れてしまう，という場合もあるでしょう．当人が xenophobia を乗り越えようとしている過渡期なのかもしれないし，ステレオタイプ的な京都の貴婦人のように，建前を使いつつ外部を完全シャットダウンしているのかもしれません．

率直に言って，普段の会話で，上の世代からも同世代からも xenophobia と xenophilia を感じることは多いなあと思いました．日本人が外国人に対して不寛容であることについては，個人的な希望を言えばもっと寛容であり，自然体であって欲しいと思います．（ところで，他人が不寛容であることに自分は寛容であれ，というのは，最近読んだ文章に書かれており，同意するところでした．）

自分はどちらかと言うと外国人個人に対しては寛容・不寛容を超えて「不感症」となっているとも言えます．xenophobia でも xenophilia でもない，国籍に対してオーバーリアクションも迎合も反発もしない状態です．これは，国籍や人種などの多様性の高い環境に長らく住んだ特殊な経験の結果に獲得したものです．良いのか悪いのかはわかりませんし，自分は正しい，日本人はおかしい，という気は更々ありません．ただ，あえて挑発的なことを言わせてもらえば，繁華街でフィリピン人，中国人，日本人のホステスに異なる値段を付けて，それを当然のように説明する客引きの男性，その説明に基づいてお金を勘定するオッサンは感覚が変な風に麻痺しているように見えます．道端でアジア人を見かけて，からかい半分で「中国人！(Chino!)」と指を指して近寄って来たキューバ人の少年に比べても，国際感覚があるとは言えないでしょう．また，そんな状況に自浄作用が働かない社会がグローバルなんちゃらを育てようと言ってるのは矛盾した話です．

また，今後避けられない移民・外国人労働者の受け入れについて，日本人の xenophobia と xenophilia に由来するコストは大きいなあとも思います．自分の両親や祖母の世代の考え方ががらっと変わることは，現実的に起こらなそうですし，移民を入れると日本人の大多数の住み心地が悪くなるに違いありません．「外国人と共生するために感覚を適応させるのにかかるコスト」みたいなのはそもそも定義も評価もしづらそうです．自分は日本の新聞やテレビなどで，日本の文脈で議論されていることを見たことがありませんが，国民が気持ちよく暮らせるというのは大事なことだと思います．ドイツでのトルコ人移民，シンガポールでの中国人労働者への反発など，世界で移民・労働者を受け入れた結果起こる問題は存在します．まず綺麗事ではなく，日本人は統計的には外国人に対する違和感を持つ人が多いし，外国人をすんなりと受け入れられないことを認めて，それを変えるのには多大な負担がかかること，もしかしたら不可能かもしれないことを理解した上で，移民政策のオプションが提示されればと思いました．

蛇足ですが，感覚の適応力のある若い人は，人生を生きやすくするために，xenophobia に限らず様々な偏見は乗り越えておいた方が良いかもしれません．自分が差別していること，偏見を持っていることを受け入れることは大変で，それを乗り越えることはさらに大変なことだけど，新年の抱負として立てるには，やり甲斐のあるテーマだと思います．（偉そうなこと言いましたが，私もトピックによっては，偏見を自覚していることはありますので．

更に蛇足ですが，書きながら自分のダブルスタンダードを発見したのですが，自分は日本人の在り方に対して，何らかの意見や希望を持ってしまう，集団としての傾向を判断 したがってしまうようです．そういう意味では，日本人に対しては，真の意味で寛容ではないのだとも思いました．これは自分の アイデンティティに関わる部分だからこそなのかもしれませんが．日本人の在り方に対して不感症になった時こそ，日本人が xeno になる時であり，日本人ではなくなる時と言えるのかもしれません．まだまだ大丈夫そうですが．

今年も素晴らしい１年になりますように！

152 thoughts on “日本の xenophobia と xenophilia”

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