多様であること

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多様性についての雑感です。あまりまとまりもない話ですが、思いついたことを書いています。

組織内の多様性

メンバーの多様性確保、特に underrepresented である（少数派の）グループ出身者の参加を促すため、組織メンバーの比率（例えば、男女比率、人種比率、マジョリティ・マイノリティー比率）を決めてそれに従うように採用や選出をする考え方があり、英語では affirmative action と呼びます。こういう「多様性確保の決まりごと」は、議論の余地はあるにせよ、アメリカでは善いとされていますし、日本も良く似た方向に向いているように思います。

最近日本で聞くケースだと「2020 年までに女性管理職の割合を 30 ％以上」と掲げる、ということが該当するでしょうか。日本では性別に関する話題が多いようですし 1、その他にも、アメリカで仕事をしていた頃は、人種間の多様性も常に話題にのぼっていました。例えば私はアジア系・男性・理工系の技術職ですから、自分の業界でアジア系男性は overrepresented  （同じグループの中で人が多過ぎ）となります。実際にそれがどれくらい採用に影響しているかを判断するのは難しいですが、酒の席での愚痴にでもなれば「格差を是正して素晴らしい施策だ！」というような対外的にそつのない、いわゆる politically correct な意見以外の本音も聞かれました。

とはいえ個人的には、（具体的な目的があるのであれば）総論では多様性確保の施策には賛成すると思います。個人的な好みはありますが、一労働者としての視点では、いろんな人がいる労働環境は楽しいです。あと、とりわけ自分は教育機関に勤めているので、教員の多様性は生徒に取っても良い影響があるのかと楽観的に思っています。ロールモデルのマッチングもそうですし、自分が大学生だったら、例えば学科の教員が全員男性で同じ国出身であるよりも、いろんな人がいた方が、勉強する内容とは別にしても面白いと思います。最後のは特に個人的な好み全開ですが。

組織間の多様性

ところで少し違う話ですが、是正措置が行き過ぎると、組織間の多様性、文化がなくならないか、という懸念も持っています。

少し極端な想像をしてみます。まずわかりやすい例で言えば、男子校・女子校が是正されます。世の中には男女が大体半々いますから、男子校・女子校なんてのは、なんとも偏った教育環境でけしからん、これは是正しな くてはならない、という人が出てきて、それが正論になるのです。そんな意見が一律に取り入れられると、全ての学校は男女半々の共学となり、「男子校」「女子校」で生まれる独自性や文化は失われま す。「男だけのザコい話」も「ガールズトーク」も、実装することは困難を極めます。相撲も宝塚も長い歴史に幕を閉じます。

あるいはジャニーズ事務所のイケメン率・染髪率が高いことに異議を唱える人が出てきたらどうでしょう。高校球児も、柔道部のゴツいマッチョも、メガネの哲学少年も、もちろん女子も、ジャニーズ事務所には所属していません。そんな機会の不平等を是正しなければならない、というのも考え方によっては筋が通っています。もしそれに基づいて是正されれば、ジャニーズ事務所と県立高校の違いは、もはや営利企業か教育機関かの違いだけになります。

あるいは多様性確保のために、すべての市町村で外国人の出身国とその比率を一定にしなくてはならない、という施策があればどうでしょうか。多様性確保のために、島根県も鳥取県も、東京都と同じだけの男女比率・外国人比率 を達成しなくてはなりません。どこに行っても同じような多民族コミュニティーになって「昔ながらの静かな日本の風景」などは失われます。外国人側から見ても、ブラジル出身の移民が日本の１つの都市に固まることはできなくなり、移民の文化もコミュニティーも育ちづらくなります。人の均質性も（非均質性も）、そこに育つ文化に大きく関係します。

このような社会が望ましいかというと、私は疑問に思います。多様性が一律に善であるわけではなく、均質性が深みのある文化を生み育てることは十分に考えられ、私はそれが人間社会の生み出す価値の一端だと思うからです。

「多様性」が旗印となる危うさ

例えば「世界で日本人は 2 ％くらいなのだから、日本の会社の管理職の 98 ％は外国人にすべきだ」という意見は誰も俎上に載せませんが、一方「日本の国会議員は男女半々にするべきだ」は検討されうる意見だと思います。「多様性の確保が良い」というのは、理想としてはわかりますが、善し悪しの基準が曖昧にも見えます。ともすれば社会的な主張を正当化するために、絶対的な善として運用されかねない危険もあると思います。

各論に対して「組織の役割の違い」「規模の違い」などにより、このケースは◯◯が良い、などと説明を与えることは可能なのでしょう。一方それは ケースバーケースで、我々は多様性の偏りを認めている（どころか、 むしろそれを積極的に肯定している）現状があるはずです。だから、そういう自分のダブルスタンダードに少なくとも気付いていたいと思うようになりました。

あと、言い換えれば「多様性の善し悪し」は社会的な納得感、つまり多数決で決まっています。言葉遊びをするならば、「多様性が善い」という考えが多数決で採用される以上、そこに多様な意見が反映される余地はありません。だから私は「多様であること」が絶対善になると、息苦しいと感じるのです。

特に最近かもしれませんが、SNS での拡散やらで、前世代の価値観を元に「多様性を認められない偏狭な意見」を述べて、叩かれる年長の男性（オッサンフルボッコ）が可視化されることが多くなりました。叩きたい気持ちはわかりますし、私もしばしばバランスの悪いオッサンがイタいこと言ってるなあと思うのですが、他方、一世代上の発言者の「偏狭さ」を過度に叩く行為もまた偏狭な考えに基づいており、「視野の広い」若者世代が嫌悪感を感じる年長者のそれと大差ないのではないか、と思うことが最近何度かありました。

私も失言をしますし、オッサンに近づいていますので、オッサンフルボッコを見ているといたたまれなくなります。上記で述べたように、何が善い、何が悪い、の価値観は時代の多数決で決まる恣意的なものですから、それがある程度違うことも受け入れるのが「多様性 2.0」（古い！）なのかもしれません。

「多様性の目的」をはっきりさせてよ

前段で「具体的な目的があるのなら」 多様性の推進には賛成である、と書きました。手段と目的の混同、などは良く聞く表現ですが、「多様であること」自体は手段であり、多様性が上がることで何を達成したいのか明確になっていると、応援したくなります。逆に人数とか割合が数値目標になっている場合は、多様性自体が目的となっていることを露呈しており、迷走していると感じてしまいます。 2

私がいうまでもなく affirmative action 自体は是正措置なので「（数を近づけることによって）是正したかった何かが是正されたか」を評価する必要があると思うのですが、是正したいものが何かわからないまま、測りやすい数値の目標が新聞などを賑わしていると思うことも少なくありません。

Notes:

  1. 脱線しますが、性的マイノリティーの representation についてはあまり議論を聞きませんね。テレビなどでは、言い方が悪いですが未だイロモノの扱いで、それが許される土壌には激しい違和感があります。自浄作用が生まれないのは社会の総意なので、自分も責任の一端があるのでしょうけど。 ↩
  2. 「Interdisciplinary だといいよね！（でも何でかって、わかってない）」みたいな話も似ています。 ↩

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